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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../howto/network_create/">Create a network</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../howto/network_ovn_setup/">Set up OVN</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../howto/network_ovn_peers/">Configure peer routing</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../howto/cluster_form/">Form a cluster</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../howto/cluster_config_networks/">Configure networks</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../howto/cluster_groups/">Set up cluster groups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../howto/cluster_placement_groups/">Use placement groups</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../howto/cluster_vip/">Set up a highly available virtual IP</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../explanation/lxd_lxc/"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span></code></a></li>
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<article role="main" id="furo-main-content">
<section id="how-to-run-commands-in-an-instance">
<span id="run-commands"></span><h1>How to run commands in an instance<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-run-commands-in-an-instance" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>LXD allows to run commands inside an instance using the LXD client or the API, without needing to access the instance through the network.</p>
<p>For containers, this always works and is handled directly by LXD.
For virtual machines, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-agent</span></code> process must be running inside of the virtual machine for this to work.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The UI does not currently support sending commands to an instance.
However, it provides a terminal that gives you <a class="reference internal" href="#run-commands-shell"><span class="std std-ref">shell access to your instance</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<section id="run-commands-inside-your-instance">
<h2>Run commands inside your instance<a class="headerlink" href="#run-commands-inside-your-instance" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<div class="sphinx-tabs docutils container">
<div aria-label="Tabbed content" class="closeable" role="tablist"><button aria-controls="panel-0-Q0xJ" aria-selected="true" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-0-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tab" tabindex="0">CLI</button><button aria-controls="panel-0-QVBJ" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-0-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tab" tabindex="-1">API</button></div><div aria-labelledby="tab-0-Q0xJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" id="panel-0-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>To run a single command from the terminal of the host machine, use the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/manpages/lxc/exec/#lxc-exec-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">exec</span></code></span></a> command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc exec <instance_name> -- <command>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For example, enter the following command to update the package list on your container:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc exec my-instance -- apt-get update
</pre></div>
</div>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-0-QVBJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-0-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>Send a POST request to the instance’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span></code> endpoint to run a single command from the terminal of the host machine:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request POST /1.0/instances/<instance_name>/exec --data '{
"command": [ "<command>" ]
}'
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For example, enter the following command to update the package list on your container:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request POST /1.0/instances/my-instance/exec --data '{
"command": [ "apt-get", "update" ]
}'
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>See <a class="reference external" href="/api/#/instances/instance_exec_post"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POST</span> <span class="pre">/1.0/instances/{name}/exec</span></code></a> for more information.</p>
</div></div>
<section id="execution-mode">
<h3>Execution mode<a class="headerlink" href="#execution-mode" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>LXD can execute commands either interactively or non-interactively.</p>
<div class="sphinx-tabs docutils container">
<div aria-label="Tabbed content" class="closeable" role="tablist"><button aria-controls="panel-1-Q0xJ" aria-selected="true" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-1-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tab" tabindex="0">CLI</button><button aria-controls="panel-1-QVBJ" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-1-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tab" tabindex="-1">API</button></div><div aria-labelledby="tab-1-Q0xJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" id="panel-1-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>In interactive mode, a pseudo-terminal device (PTS) is used to handle input (stdin) and output (stdout, stderr).
This mode is automatically selected by the CLI if connected to a terminal emulator (and not run from a script).
To force interactive mode, add either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--force-interactive</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--mode</span> <span class="pre">interactive</span></code> to the command.</p>
<p>In non-interactive mode, pipes are allocated instead (one for each of stdin, stdout and stderr).
This method allows running a command and properly getting separate stdin, stdout and stderr as required by many scripts.
To force non-interactive mode, add either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--force-noninteractive</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--mode</span> <span class="pre">non-interactive</span></code> to the command.</p>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-1-QVBJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-1-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>In both modes, the operation creates a control socket that can be used for out-of-band communication with LXD.
You can send signals and window sizing information through this socket.</p>
<dl class="simple myst">
<dt>Interactive mode</dt><dd><p>In interactive mode, the operation creates an additional single bi-directional WebSocket.
To force interactive mode, add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"interactive":</span> <span class="pre">true</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"wait-for-websocket":</span> <span class="pre">true</span></code> to the request data.
For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request POST /1.0/instances/my-instance/exec --data '{
"command": [ "/bin/bash" ],
"interactive": true,
"wait-for-websocket": true
}'
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Non-interactive mode</dt><dd><p>In non-interactive mode, the operation creates three additional WebSockets: one each for stdin, stdout, and stderr.
To force non-interactive mode, add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"interactive":</span> <span class="pre">false</span></code> to the request data.</p>
<p>When running a command in non-interactive mode, you can instruct LXD to record the output of the command.
To do so, add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"record-output":</span> <span class="pre">true</span></code> to the request data.
You can then send a request to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec-output</span></code> endpoint to retrieve the list of files that contain command output:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request GET /1.0/instances/<instance_name>/logs/exec-output
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To display the output of one of the files, send a request to one of the files:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request GET /1.0/instances/<instance_name>/logs/exec-output/<record-output-file>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When you don’t need the command output anymore, you can delete it:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request DELETE /1.0/instances/<instance_name>/logs/exec-output/<record-output-file>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>See <a class="reference external" href="/api/#/instances/instance_exec-output_get"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GET</span> <span class="pre">/1.0/instances/{name}/logs/exec-output</span></code></a>, <a class="reference external" href="/api/#/instances/instance_exec-output_get"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GET</span> <span class="pre">/1.0/instances/{name}/logs/exec-output/{filename}</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference external" href="/api/#/instances/instance_exec-output_delete"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE</span> <span class="pre">/1.0/instances/{name}/logs/exec-output/{filename}</span></code></a> for more information.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div></div>
</section>
<section id="user-groups-and-working-directory">
<h3>User, groups and working directory<a class="headerlink" href="#user-groups-and-working-directory" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>LXD has a policy not to read data from within the instances or trust anything that can be found in the instance.
Therefore, LXD does not parse files like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/passwd</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/group</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/nsswitch.conf</span></code> to handle user and group resolution.</p>
<p>As a result, LXD doesn’t know the home directory for the user or the supplementary groups the user is in.</p>
<p>By default, LXD runs commands as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root</span></code> (UID 0) with the default group (GID 0) and the working directory set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/root</span></code>.
You can override the user, group and working directory by specifying absolute values.</p>
<div class="sphinx-tabs docutils container">
<div aria-label="Tabbed content" class="closeable" role="tablist"><button aria-controls="panel-2-Q0xJ" aria-selected="true" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-2-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tab" tabindex="0">CLI</button><button aria-controls="panel-2-QVBJ" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-2-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tab" tabindex="-1">API</button></div><div aria-labelledby="tab-2-Q0xJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" id="panel-2-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>You can override the default settings by adding the following flags to the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/manpages/lxc/exec/#lxc-exec-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">exec</span></code></span></a> command:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--user</span></code> - the user ID for running the command</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--group</span></code> - the group ID for running the command</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--cwd</span></code> - the directory in which the command should run</p></li>
</ul>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-2-QVBJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-2-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>You can override the default settings by adding the following fields to the request data:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"user":</span> <span class="pre"><user_ID></span></code> - the user ID for running the command</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"group":</span> <span class="pre"><group_ID></span></code> - the group ID for running the command</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"cwd":</span> <span class="pre">"<directory>"</span></code> - the directory in which the command should run</p></li>
</ul>
</div></div>
</section>
<section id="environment">
<h3>Environment<a class="headerlink" href="#environment" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>You can pass environment variables to an exec session in the following two ways:</p>
<dl class="simple myst">
<dt>Set environment variables as instance options</dt><dd><div class="sphinx-tabs docutils container">
<div aria-label="Tabbed content" class="closeable" role="tablist"><button aria-controls="panel-3-Q0xJ" aria-selected="true" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-3-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tab" tabindex="0">CLI</button><button aria-controls="panel-3-QVBJ" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-3-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tab" tabindex="-1">API</button><button aria-controls="panel-3-VUk=" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-3-VUk=" name="VUk=" role="tab" tabindex="-1">UI</button></div><div aria-labelledby="tab-3-Q0xJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" id="panel-3-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>To set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><ENVVAR></span></code> environment variable to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><value></span></code> in the instance, set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environment.<ENVVAR></span></code> instance option (see <a class="configref reference internal" href="../reference/instance_options/#instance-miscellaneous:environment.*"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environment.*</span></code></a>):</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc config set <instance_name> environment.<ENVVAR>=<value>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-3-QVBJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-3-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>To set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><ENVVAR></span></code> environment variable to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><value></span></code> in the instance, set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environment.<ENVVAR></span></code> instance option (see <a class="configref reference internal" href="../reference/instance_options/#instance-miscellaneous:environment.*"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environment.*</span></code></a>):</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request PATCH /1.0/instances/<instance_name> --data '{
"config": {
"environment.<ENVVAR>": "<value>"
}
}'
</pre></div>
</div>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-3-VUk=" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-3-VUk=" name="VUk=" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>To set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><ENVVAR></span></code> environment variable to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><value></span></code> in the instance, go to the instance detail page, switch to the <span class="guilabel">Configuration</span> tab and select <span class="guilabel">YAML configuration</span>.
Then click <span class="guilabel">Edit instance</span>.</p>
<p>Add the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environment.<ENVVAR></span></code> configuration under the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">config</span></code> section.
For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>config:
environment.<ENVVAR>: "<value>"
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Click <span class="guilabel">Save changes</span>.</p>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt>Pass environment variables to the exec command</dt><dd><div class="sphinx-tabs docutils container">
<div aria-label="Tabbed content" class="closeable" role="tablist"><button aria-controls="panel-4-Q0xJ" aria-selected="true" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-4-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tab" tabindex="0">CLI</button><button aria-controls="panel-4-QVBJ" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-4-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tab" tabindex="-1">API</button></div><div aria-labelledby="tab-4-Q0xJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" id="panel-4-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>To pass an environment variable to the exec command, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--env</span></code> flag.
For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc exec <instance_name> --env <ENVVAR>=<value> -- <command>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-4-QVBJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-4-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>To pass an environment variable to the exec command, add an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environment</span></code> field to the request data.
For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request POST /1.0/instances/<instance_name>/exec --data '{
"command": [ "<command>" ],
"environment": {
"<ENVVAR>": "<value>"
}
}'
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>In addition, LXD sets the following default values (unless they are passed in one of the ways described above):</p>
<div class="table-wrapper docutils container">
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Variable name</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Condition</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Value</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>Concatenation of:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/sbin</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/bin</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/sbin</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/bin</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/sbin</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/bin</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/snap</span></code> (if applicable)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/NIXOS</span></code> (if applicable)</p></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANG</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C.UTF-8</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>running as root (UID 0)</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/root</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USER</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>running as root (UID 0)</p></td>
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root</span></code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="get-shell-access-to-your-instance">
<span id="run-commands-shell"></span><h2>Get shell access to your instance<a class="headerlink" href="#get-shell-access-to-your-instance" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>If you want to run commands directly in your instance, run a shell command inside it.</p>
<div class="sphinx-tabs docutils container">
<div aria-label="Tabbed content" class="closeable" role="tablist"><button aria-controls="panel-5-Q0xJ" aria-selected="true" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-5-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tab" tabindex="0">CLI</button><button aria-controls="panel-5-QVBJ" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-5-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tab" tabindex="-1">API</button><button aria-controls="panel-5-VUk=" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-5-VUk=" name="VUk=" role="tab" tabindex="-1">UI</button></div><div aria-labelledby="tab-5-Q0xJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" id="panel-5-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>Enter the following command (assuming that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/bin/bash</span></code> command exists in your instance):</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc exec <instance_name> -- /bin/bash
</pre></div>
</div>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-5-QVBJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-5-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>Enter the following command (assuming that the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/bin/bash</span></code> command exists in your instance):</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request POST /1.0/instances/<instance_name>/exec --data '{
"command": [ "/bin/bash" ]
}'
</pre></div>
</div>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-5-VUk=" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-5-VUk=" name="VUk=" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><p>Navigate to the instance detail page and switch to the <span class="guilabel">Terminal</span> tab to access the shell.</p>
</div></div>
<p>By default, you are logged in as the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root</span></code> user.
If you want to log in as a different user, enter the following command:</p>
<div class="sphinx-tabs docutils container">
<div aria-label="Tabbed content" class="closeable" role="tablist"><button aria-controls="panel-6-Q0xJ" aria-selected="true" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-6-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tab" tabindex="0">CLI</button><button aria-controls="panel-6-QVBJ" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-6-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tab" tabindex="-1">API</button><button aria-controls="panel-6-VUk=" aria-selected="false" class="sphinx-tabs-tab group-tab" id="tab-6-VUk=" name="VUk=" role="tab" tabindex="-1">UI</button></div><div aria-labelledby="tab-6-Q0xJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" id="panel-6-Q0xJ" name="Q0xJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc exec <instance_name> -- su --login <user_name>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To exit the instance shell, enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exit</span></code> or press <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">d</kbd>.</p>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-6-QVBJ" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-6-QVBJ" name="QVBJ" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc query --request POST /1.0/instances/<instance_name>/exec --data '{
"command": [ "su", "--login", "<user_name>" ]
}'
</pre></div>
</div>
</div><div aria-labelledby="tab-6-VUk=" class="sphinx-tabs-panel group-tab" hidden="true" id="panel-6-VUk=" name="VUk=" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0"><div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>su --login <user_name>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To exit the user shell and go back to the root shell, enter <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exit</span></code> or press <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">d</kbd>.</p>
</div></div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Depending on the operating system that you run in your instance, you might need to create a user first.</p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
</article>
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Contents
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<div class="toc-tree">
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">How to run commands in an instance</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#run-commands-inside-your-instance">Run commands inside your instance</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#execution-mode">Execution mode</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-groups-and-working-directory">User, groups and working directory</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#environment">Environment</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-shell-access-to-your-instance">Get shell access to your instance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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